Unlocking the Riches of African Literature: Exploring the Untold Tales

Chapter 1: Start in African Literature

Consider the rich and diverse landscape of African literature, from its roots in oral storytelling traditions to its modern evolution. The thought of African literature that may be treasure trove of captivating narratives, vibrant storytelling, and compelling voices wanting to find be discovered. As book enthusiasts, we invite for your health a journey to unlock the riches of African literature and delve directly into the untold stories which have shaped the continent's literary heritage. African literature remember that this may be a testament to the power of words, equally deeply intertwined in the oral traditions which have been transferred through generations. Ahead of the written word was prominent, African communities relied upon the oral transmission of stories, myths, and legends to convey their history, beliefs, and values. Griots, the traditional storytellers, held an esteemed role throughout the community, serving as the custodians of oral literature and preserving the collective memory inside their people. This rich tradition of oral storytelling laid the foundation for the diverse tapestry of African literature we've got today. A little distance from epic tales of Sundiata Keita in West Africa in addition to oral poetry of the Zulu people in South Africa, these stories were woven within the very fabric of African society. They celebrated bravery, love, wisdom, and moral lessons, serving also as entertainment but also as educational tools, guiding individuals for his or her path to self-discovery. With the arrival of writing systems plus the colonization of Africa, a brand new chapter in African literature emerged. African writers, both on the continent while in the the diaspora, began by utilizing the written word as a way to challenge dominant narratives, voice their experiences, and reclaim their cultural heritage. This literary renaissance ushered in needed narratives that offered unique perspectives on African history, identity, with the struggles faced by its people. In the mid-1920s, the waves of African independence movements further fueled the expansion of African literature. Writers comparable to Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, and Ngugi wa Thiong'o emerged as literary giants, from all other a great time to explore post-colonial themes, social injustice, with complexities of cultural identity. Their novels, plays, and poetry played a vital role in shaping the African literary canon and capturing the spirit concerning a continent in transition. Today, African literature goes on to evolve, embracing a a number of genres, styles, and themes. From contemporary fiction that tackles pressing societal issues to magical realism that seamlessly blends reality and myth, African writers are pushing the boundaries of storytelling. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Ayobami Adebayo, and Yaa Gyasi, etc, are amplifying diverse voices and shedding light situated on the intricate layers of African experiences. The power of African literature is founded on its capability to connect readers with a society steeped in history, culture, and human experiences that will are currently previously unfamiliar. Through vibrant prose, vivid descriptions, and fascinating narratives, African authors offer readers a window along the complexities of African societies, providing insights and fostering empathy across geographical and cultural divides. As book enthusiasts, we are lucky to embark for that literary exploration together, uncovering the wonders of African literature and immersing this economy the untold stories browsing for be discovered. Join us once we delve deeper towards the next advantage chapter, where we are going to take you on a journey through the different genres and key authors that have shaped African literature. Plan to be captivated, enlightened, and inspired from the richness of African storytelling. <End for all your serious chapterAfrican literature, with its tallent to transport readers to distant lands, ignite the imagination, and challenge preconceived notions, has captivated book enthusiasts around the world. From the outset fifty percent of this chapter, we launched into a dealings with the origins of African literature, from its roots in oral storytelling traditions to its transformation into a robust written form. Now, most of us delve deeper into right when half, we will uncover the colourful genres and influential authors that have shaped the African literary landscape. One of the prominent genres in African literature to know the novel. Away from early works of Chinua Achebe other than contemporary writings of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, African novelists have deftly captured the complexities of African society will probably be ongoing struggles. Their stories navigate themes of identity, power dynamics, colonialism, while using the clash of traditional and modern values. A standout figure in African literary history is Chinua Achebe, whose groundbreaking novel “Things Fall Apart” explores the impact of European colonialism on Igbo society in Nigeria. By portraying the transformation no matter what protagonist, Okonkwo, and showcasing the rich cultural heritage whenever there is a serious Igbo people, Achebe shattered stereotypes and provided a platform for African voices it does not have to be heard globally. As African literature evolved, so practiced the exploration of other genres, equivalent to poetry and drama. Poets like Leopold Sedar Senghor and Christopher Okigbo captured the gist African beauty, spirituality, and struggles through their lyrical verses. Senghor's wish “Negritude” celebrated the African cultural identity, challenging the Eurocentric perspective prevalent during his time. With regards to of drama, Wole Soyinka, Africa's first Nobel Laureate in Literature, played an instrumental role. His play “Death using the King's Horseman” delves into the clash between African traditional beliefs and British colonial rule in Nigeria. Soyinka's works not exclusively entertained but also held a copy to society, highlighting social and political issues while preserving African cultural heritage. Another genre that gotten prominence in recent years is African speculative fiction. Authors like Nnedi Okorafor and Tade Thompson have embraced the realm swapped fantastical to address contemporary African issues and reimagine African narratives. Through areas of goal, fantasy, and magical realism, they challenge traditional boundaries and envision alternate futures with respect to continent. African women writers, too, have used an indelible mark situated on the literary landscape. From the empowering prose of Buchi Emecheta significantly better nuanced storytelling of Tsitsi Dangarembga, their works showcase the unique experiences and resilience of African women. By amplifying their voices, these authors have paved the way for many folks to inform their untold stories. Beyond novels, poetry, drama, and speculative fiction, African literature encompasses an unlimited a number of genres and forms, including short stories, memoirs, and essays. The diversity and multiplicity of voices within {https://authorunion.org/african-literature-untold-stories/ reflect the rich tapestry no matter continent itself. As book enthusiasts, we acquire the privilege of immersing this economy these literary treasures and embracing the complexities of African storytelling. Each page presents the chance to challenge our perspectives, foster empathy, and deepen our understanding people in general around us. So, allow us to continue this exploration together, embracing the magic of African literature and relishing within the untold stories that await discovery. With each turn no matter the page, we will uncover new narratives, explore vibrant genres, and associate with the voices that shape this remarkable literary tradition. Open your hearts and minds, with regards to a riches of African literature are delaying be unlocked. ________________________________________

Chapter 2: The Power of Storytelling in African Culture

Seeing how today's world hosts an continent as diverse and vibrant as Africa, storytelling occupies a central aspect its rich tapestry of traditions and customs. Captured from generation to generation, stories in African culture are not mere entertainment though rather a strong tool that connects people, preserves history, and imparts wisdom. The skill of storytelling weaves a fancy web of narratives that collectively by means of backbone of African literature. In the center of African storytelling lies the oral tradition, a singular way to communication which includes withstood the test of time. Unlike written literature, which serves as a crucial medium in lots of cultures, African storytelling places emphasis situated on the spoken word. This oral tradition is deeply embedded inside the roots of African society, serving as a general means of preserving heritage and passing down knowledge to another cell generation to another. Storytelling in African culture will not be purely for specific spaces or occasions but permeates some ways of life. From sacred rituals to everyday conversations, stories are interwoven into the fabric of African society. The village elders become the custodians of those tales, entrusted considering the responsibility of preserving the collective memory of the communities. Through their narratives, they educate, inspire, and connect a subsequent generations owing to their roots. Perhaps what exactly African storytelling truly exceptional is its capability to transcend time as well as place. Oral narratives are not static entities instead it uses living and breathing stories that get used to the changing needs and context within audience. A narrative may evolve equally retold, reflecting the influences of various cultures and experiences. This dynamic nature facilitate the continued relevance of African narratives, ensuring their resonance in contemporary times. The significance of storytelling in African culture lies not only in its role currently being a way to obtain entertainment but in addition as a powerful conduit for cultural preservation. Stories function a bridge attached past, present, and future, allowing communities to keep up sense of identity and belonging. Through storytelling, African societies honor their ancestors, celebrate their collective achievements, and transmit their values and traditions to younger generations. The traditional storyteller, referred to as griot or jali, holds a revered position within African communities. They possess an encyclopedic knowledge of history, folklore, and mythology, and function the keepers irregardless of oral tradition. With the use of rhythmic voices and captivating gestures, the griots mesmerize their audiences, transporting these a civilization stuffed with gods, heroes, and magical creatures. Their tales inspire listeners to ponder life's mysteries, instill moral lessons, and ignite their imagination. While African storytelling has deep roots in the oral tradition, its impact has grown far beyond spoken words. With the arrival of written literature, African authors have embraced the written word which will serve as a medium to amplify their voices and share their stories with that world. Influenced via the rich heritage of oral storytelling, African literature draws upon the power of narratives to illuminate the varied experiences and struggles for all your serious continent. In recent years, there was a resurgence of willingness to African literature, both within Africa and on the worldwide stage. Through captivating works of fiction, poetry, and non-fiction, African authors are reclaiming their narratives, challenging prevailing stereotypes, and showcasing the multifaceted realities from the continent. These literary voices are unlocking the hidden treasures of African literature, shedding light on untold stories and bringing to the forefront of world consciousness. Once we delve deeper into the space of African storytelling, we would unravel the intricacies of a narrative tradition that gives stood the assessment of time. The tales that emerge over cultural tapestry are usually not merely entertainment; they are windows throughout the hearts and minds of a diverse continent. They carry the weight of history, the expanse of imagination, and the facility to shape narratives for a few years to come. At the primary of African storytelling lies reality of community and connection, a recognition the fact stories we share are generally a testament to our shared experiences and collective memory. The vast African continent, tales of courage, love, and resilience are passed on to another cell generation to another, each narrative etching itself towards the tapestry of African culture. Within the colourful rhythms of African storytelling, one you'll notice a deep appreciation regarding the richness of oral traditions. These traditions apart from been extremely ultra slim function a technique of preserving history but in addition as a motor vehicle for sparking dialogue and fostering understanding. In the second a third this chapter, we enjoy the power of storytelling in fostering empathy and dismantling stereotypes within African society. Because the tales unfold, they offer glimpses into diverse African cultures, revealing the complexities and nuances that cause each community distinct. Leaving your nomadic tribes for all your serious Sahara on top of the bustling cities of West Africa, stories transcend geographical boundaries, allowing us to visit diverse landscapes and varied perspectives which exist within the continent. Through storytelling, African literature challenges the homogenizing narratives which have often characterized Africa. Rather then presenting a monolithic view, it celebrates the heap of voices and experiences which put Africa a mosaic of cultures and traditions. By embracing these narratives, African authors are reclaiming their identities and rewriting the narrative for their continent upon their terms. One cannot delve into African storytelling without acknowledging the central role of women in preserving and shaping these narratives. Leaving your strong-willed griottes of Mali a lot better powerful mkizis of East Africa, African women were actually the unsung heroes of storytelling, weaving intricate tales that commemorate the resilience and wisdom and health of their communities. This recognition of female storytellers not limited to brings balance as well as the narrative landscape but in addition highlights the role of girls in African society as custodians of knowledge and tradition. In recent decades, African literature has experienced a renaissance, with a large number African authors gaining international recognition and acclaim. These voices in terms of a fresh perspective on African experiences, breakdown stereotypes, and challenge dominant narratives. Through their works, they confront issues equivalent to political unrest, social injustice, and gender inequality, shedding light on the complexities regardless of what the African experience and igniting conversations that resonate far past the continent's borders. As we currently are check second a whole lot less this chapter, we unravel the threads that connect African storytelling to its contemporary manifestations. Faraway from oral traditions regardless of griots to the written word of contemporary African authors, storytelling is continuing to evolve and adapt while remaining rooted within its fundamental purpose: to possess our stories and connect us besides the broader human experience. To summary it, the power of storytelling in African culture is undeniable. It is to spoken and written word that Africa's diverse narratives find their voice, bridging the gaps between generations and cultures. These stories, with your universal themes and unique perspectives, can easily to inspire, educate, and unite a global audience. In moments when we journey deeper for the treasures of African literature, we would not unlock the untold stories concerning a continent but also embrace the wealth of human experiences which put every person part of a greater tapestry of existence. So join us that we embark on this voyage, discovering the riches that lie inside the stories of Africa, and realize the power of storytelling firsthand. ________________________________________

Chapter 3: African Mythology: Gods, Spirits, and Legends

Delve to captivating realm of African mythology and learn to master fascinating tales of gods, spirits, and legendary creatures. With a costly and diverse cultural heritage, Africa stands which will serve as a treasure trove of captivating stories that have been genetically inherited through generations. These myths reflect the beliefs, values, and traditions notwithstanding African people, offering a glimpse into their profound spiritual connections while using the forces that shape their lives. One cannot explore African mythology without encountering the mighty deities that hold immense power over the body's world. Farther away from vast savannahs significantly better depths whenever there is a serious oceans, gods comparable to Olorun, Amun-Ra, and Ngai command the forces of nature, bestowing blessings and enacting punishments for the reason that see fit. Whether it be the thunderous storm summoned by Shango, the Yoruba god of thunder and lightning, and the gentle rains of the Zulu deity Nomkhubulwane produces in nurture the environment, these gods embody the awe-inspiring forces of nature that Africans have revered for centuries. Significantly better gods, African mythology is replete with spirits that roam the Earth, interacting with humans and influencing daily life. Anansi, the West African spider spirit, is well known for his cunning and trickery, weaving webs of stories that entertain and impart important lessons. The Mami Wata, a water spirit found quite a lot of African cultures, represents both beauty and danger, luring unsuspecting individuals that have her irresistible charm. These spirits embody the colourful tapestry of African folklore, adding intrigue and enchantment far better mythical narratives. The realm of African mythology also encompasses a multitude of legendary creatures that captivate the imagination. Out from fearsome Mngwa, a big cat-like creature pondered to stalk the forests of Tanzania, made available mischievous Tokoloshe, a creature that delights in causing mischief and hassle, these mythical beings will provide you with glimpse for the African belief in the coexistence no importance physical and spiritual worlds. In many myths, creatures just like the Asanbosam, a vampire-like creature with iron-hooked feet found in Ghanaian legends, function cautionary tales to instill fear and discourage bad behavior. Beyond their mythical nature, these stories hold immense cultural significance in African societies. They serve as a means of passing down traditions, beliefs, and moral teachings to a different generation far better next. During the entire oral tradition, griots and storytellers have preserved these tales, ensuring that the dear knowledge related to them remains alive within the hearts and minds of Africans in the whole continent. At times when we journey deeper up into the realm of African mythology, we will encounter a number of captivating narratives that weave together the material of African cultures. Leaving your creation stories that explain the origins of life aside from tales of epic battles between gods and mortals, each story offers a novel understanding of the diverse perspectives that comprise the African continent. With the 2nd considerably less this chapter, we will delve into specific African myths, exploring the importance of those stories during their respective cultures. We'll uncover the origins of the ancient Egyptian god Osiris when using the powerful Yoruba trickster deity Eshu. We will even embark lying on a journey into the idea of the Dogon people, in situations where mythical Nommo beings commit for having played a pivotal role in the finding of humanity. Fix be enchanted after we unravel these stories full of drama, symbolism, and profound wisdom. African mythology invites us to embrace the power of imagination, to question our aspect living, and to gain a deeper appreciation for the sweetness and complexity of personal experience. Join us just as we unlock the riches of African literature and embark linked with dealings with the untold stories that have shaped the lives of millions throughout history.Hurry be captivated when we continue our exploration of African mythology, delving deeper along the rich tapestry of gods, spirits, and legendary creatures that outline this enchanting realm. These tales have already been realized through generations, carrying with them the beliefs, values, and traditions irregardless of African people, and this is through them and then we truly grow to understand the profound spiritual connections and forces that shape their lives. Since we embark this amazing second let alone our journey, we encounter the traditional Egyptian god Osiris, a central figure in Egyptian mythology. Osiris, the god regardless of afterlife, resurrection, and fertility, plays a pivotal part in the complex cosmology of Egyptian belief. His story embodies the cyclical nature of life and death, besides the eternal struggle between order and chaos. Through his death and resurrection, Osiris is without question hope of rebirth and renewal, offering solace and reassurance to the ancient Egyptians as faced the uncertainties of their own existence. Moving the particular world continent, we come head to head using the mischievous and unpredictable Yoruba trickster deity Eshu. Eshu embodies the complex nature of human morality, often blurring the lines between good and evil. Well recognized a messenger amongst the gods and humans, Eshu's actions will be both benevolent and malevolent, challenging individuals to navigate the balance between right and wrong. His presence in Yoruba mythology provides a reminder of the importance of constructing wise choices and studying under our mistakes. Our journey then takes us other than captivating living of the Dogon people, the actual mythical Nommo beings hold great significance. In accordance with Dogon mythology, the Nommo are extraterrestrial beings that descended to Earth to aid in the finding of humanity. These amphibious creatures are revered as the masters of water and symbols of fertility. The Nommo bring in theor company a sense mystery and wonder, inviting us to contemplate the origins of our own own existence and our place within the vast cosmos. It is hunting in these myths, and countless others, that folks see the main African cultures and the wisdom they impart. These vivid narratives function a technique of passing down traditions, beliefs, and moral teachings into the next generation to a new, having the precious knowledge published in them remains alive in the hearts and minds of Africans above the continent. As we did immerse this economy the various perspectives used by African mythology, we have a deeper appreciation for the sweetness and complexity of so far the experience. The tales of epic battles between gods and mortals, the creation stories that explain the origins of life, when using the symbolic characters that embody virtues and vices all pave the way for the richness on this extraordinary literary heritage. Allow us to be enthralled once again due to the fact drama, symbolism, and profound wisdom of African mythology. These untold stories have shaped the lives of millions throughout history and manage to resonate with us today. Using the power of imagination, they invite us to impeach our role in publication and embrace the endless possibilities that lie before us. Join us just as we further unlock the riches of African literature, starting a journey that celebrates the cultural diversity and heritage of such a magnificent continent. Together, allow us to cherish these stories such as a testament a lot better resilience, creativity, and extraordinary spirit when you are facing a serious African people. ________________________________________

Chapter 4: Folktales and Moral Lessons

Discover the enchantment of African folktales and unravel the profound moral lessons embedded within these timeless stories. These captivating narratives were being transferred through generations, serving to be treasure trove of wisdom and entertainment in African cultures. Folktales aside from that entertain but also educate and enlighten, conveying valuable life lessons that have stood the assessment of time. Africa it may be continent by using diverse cultures, each with its individual multitude of folktales and oral traditions. These stories are rooted within the historical past beliefs of the varied ethnic groups, serving being a means of passing down cultural heritage and values. Far from vast plains of East Africa to the vibrant markets of West Africa, folktales really an integral part of African societies for centuries. One of the remarkable aspects of African folktales will be the about transcend serious amounts of geography. These stories have traveled across borders and reached far-flung corners on the planet, captivating audiences beyond Africa. They have a universal appeal, touching the hearts and minds of individuals similar backgrounds. In the centre of African folktales lie their moral lessons, which are often delivered through anthropomorphized animals and magical creatures. These stories function a copy reflecting upon our condition, addressing various aspects of life similar to love, bravery, greed, and forgiveness. The characters at the time of tales, whether human or animal, grapple with challenges and dilemmas that resonate with readers of all ages. Take, for example, the well-known West African folktale “The Tortoise with the Birds.” In this story, the crafty tortoise deceives the birds into sharing the type of food you bought for them with him by pretending to be their friend. However, the birds soon discover his true intentions and compose to thwart his devious plans. This tale teaches us the greatest advantage here of discernment and wisdom. It reminds us to be cautious and not to trust blindly, for appearances may be deceiving. Another renowned folktale, “Why the Sky is Far Away,” happens in the Igbo people of Nigeria. It tells the story plot of how it is that the sky used to be close to individuals, but as a result of humans' greed and disrespect for nature, it moved farther away. This cautionary tale behaves as a reminder swapped interdependence between humans and nature, urging us to cherish and preserve the environment. The beauty of African folktales lies of their about seamlessly weave moral lessons into captivating narratives. Through engaging storytelling techniques, these tales make sure readers' attention while subtly instilling values and principles. The characters become vessels the majority of these lessons, allowing readers to connect with their struggles and victories, ultimately imbibing the sanctity despite message. Moreover, African folktales often integrate the oral tradition of call-and-response, engaging the audience and creating a sense community. These stories are supposed to be shared, sparking conversations around societal norms and values. They encourage dialogue and significant thinking, inviting readers to mirror upon their very own lives and actions. In a world filled with constant distractions and quick-paced living, the enchanting whole world of African folktales provides an oasis of tranquility and wisdom. They provide a really-needed escape from reality, allowing readers to immerse themselves in lots and lots of magic and fantasy. These tales captivate the imagination, transporting us to distant lands and ancient times. Like we venture further on to the depths of African literature, let us embrace the enchantment of folktales and recognize hidden gems of wisdom they hold. With the 2nd not as this chapter, we'll delve into specific folktales numerous other regions of Africa, exploring their unique narratives aided by the moral lessons they create forth. Make embark linked with journey of discovery and enlightenment just as we unlock the riches of African literature and unravel the untold stories that lie within. Uniquely now, allow us to pause, leaving the chapter found on the precipice of another captivating tale, awaiting the turn regardless of what the page where new adventures and profound insights await.In the second 1 / 3 this chapter, we continue our exploration of African folktales, diving deeper towards the rich tapestry of narratives and moral lessons that lie within. Join me that we all dealings with different regions of Africa and uncover the hidden gems of wisdom they hold. In East Africa, we encounter the captivating tale of “The Hare with the Elephant,” a folktale well-liked among the Maasai people. This story chronicles the hare's adventures even if outsmarts the mighty elephant through wit and cunning. It highlights the facility of intelligence and quick thinking, showing us that so far the smallest can overcome the mightiest when armed with cleverness and resourcefulness. Vacationing as Central Africa, we encounter the heartwarming story of “The Greedy Antelope utilizing Kind Elephant” leaving your Bemba people of Zambia. In this tale, the antelope's insatiable greed results in her downfall, compare to the kind-hearted elephant is rewarded as a result of his generosity. It is basically a reminder that greed only leads to unhappiness, whereas acts of compassion and selflessness bring joy and fulfillment. Moving towards West Africa, we are introduced on top of enchanting folktale of “Anansi the Spider” removed from Ashanti culture in Ghana. Anansi, an ingenious and mischievous spider, weaves intricate webs of trickery and cunning to outwit his adversaries. These tales teach us valuable lessons about wisdom, cleverness, and the importance of hiring one's intelligence for the sooner good. In Southern Africa, the San people share their ancient wisdom at the folktale of “The Moon and the Hare.” This story explains why the moon is known for having a hare living on its surface, as a result of the hare's bravery and self-sacrifice. It imparts the lesson of valor and bravado, reminding us that courage is available in many forms thinking that so far the smallest acts could make a big impact. Almost all of folktales from different regions of Africa provides a unique lens using this we can understand and be thankful for continent's diverse cultures and heritage. They offer profound insights into developed, societal values, and our relationship with the natural world. Beyond their moral lessons, African folktales enchant us equipped with vivid imagery and captivating storytelling techniques. We are transported to distant lands where animals speak, forests awaken, and magic takes center stage. The oral tradition of call-and-response goes on to weave its magic, engaging readers wearing a shared experience and fostering a way togetherness and connection. As we immerse ourselves in the enchanting whole world of African folktales, we are reminded of the facility of storytelling as a strategy for preserving cultural heritage and passing down wisdom onto the next generation offered next. These timeless stories have stood the test for long periods, captivating audiences far away from the borders of Africa. Of their simplicity lies their universality, transcending language and cultural barriers. They teach us that regardless of our background, we all grapple with similar challenges and dilemmas in life. From each of these folktales, we discover mutual understanding recognize valuable lessons that resonate with the own experiences. So, dear book enthusiasts, let us embrace the enchantment of African folktales and uncover the profound wisdom they offer. Let us listen, learn, and reflect on top of the timeless stories which have shaped communities and instilled moral values for centuries. Because we conclude this chapter, leaving you nearby of discovery and enlightenment, let these folktales linger produced, inspiring conversations and sparking newfound curiosity. May they function a reminder that an treasures of African literature await, able to be unlocked and shared aided by the world. Come by for the following chapter, where we'll embark on a brand new literary adventure, delving on to the works of African authors and exploring the richness of your storytelling. Respectively now, let the magic of African folktales fill your hearts and minds, inviting that enable you to find out more about untold stories that lie within. Remember, the power of these tales lies not just in their enchantment but in addition of their permission to shape our own narratives and understanding no matter what world. Open your minds besides the wonders of African literature, and produce the riches within unfold. ________________________________________

Chapter 5: Exploration of African Oral Literature

Enter the space of African oral literature that most of us examine the historical significance and enduring impact of oral storytelling traditions. Throughout the entire vast African continent, storytelling continues to be an intrinsic an cultural fabric for centuries. Captured from through the years from the oral tradition, these narratives have not only entertained, but additionally served as a novel form of education, transmission of cultural values, and preservation of history. With the intention to fully appreciate the richness of African oral literature, it is necessary to to understand about historical context during which these traditions developed. For countless generations, prior the arrival of written types of communication, African societies relied on oral storytelling as a method o